過程控制與分布式技術和現(xiàn)場總線技術

Chapter 1 Introductions and Fundamentals 1

1.1 Fundamentals for Process control 1

1.1.1 Basic industrial control system 1

1.1.2 PID Algorithms 2

1.1.3 Modifications of the PID Algorithm 3

1.1.4 PID Parameter tuning 5

1.1.5 Configuration of PID 7

1.1.6 Advanced process control (APC) 11

1.2 Fundamentals for Instruments 12

1.2.1 Measuring devices 13

1.2.2 Controllers 32

1.2.3 Actuators 35

1.2.4 Other instruments 44

1.3 Techniques for Distributed systems 48

1.3.1 Definitions of distributed systems 48

1.3.2 Goals for distributed systems 49

1.3.3 Types of distributed systems 50

1.3.4 The main techniques used in distributed systems 50

1.4 Distributed control systems (DCS) 52

1.4.1 Definitions of distributed control systems 52

1.4.2 The Structure of DCS 53

1.4.3 Characteristics of DCS 54

1.4.4 Some typical DCS and their architecture 54

Summary 58

Problems 59

Chapter 2 Distributed Control Systems (DCS) 60

2.1 Process Control Unit (PCU) 61

2.1.1 Hardware of PCU 61

2.1.2 Software of PCU 65

2.2 Engineering Work Station (EWS) 74

2.2.1 System Planning 74

2.2.2 Configuration 75

2.3 Operation Station (or Man Machine Interface, MMI) 77

2.3.1 Display of Process Parameters 77

2.3.2 Operator-Interface geometry or ergonomics 78

2.3.3 Function of MMI in DCS 79

2.3.4 The development of displayers 84

Summary 87

Problems 88

Chapter 3 SCADAs, PLCs, and Intelligent Instruments 89

3.1 SCADAs 89

3.1.1 Introduction of SCADA 89

3.1.2 Hardware of SCADA 89

3.1.3 Software of SCADA 95

3.2 PLCs 98

3.2.1 The fundamentals of logic control techniques 99

3.2.2 Hardware of PLC 100

3.2.3 Software of PLC 105

3.3 Intelligent Instruments 112

3.3.1 Single-Loop Controllers (SLC) 112

3.3.2 Data Acquisition Units (DAQ) 114

Summary 116

Problems 117

Chapter 4 Communications for Distributed Systems 118

4.1 Basic concept for communications 118

4.1.1 Some nomenclatures for communications 119

4.1.2 The representation of binary number 120

4.1.3 Error control 124

4.1.4 Channel 125

4.1.5 Modem 126

4.1.6 Multiplexers 128

4.2 Networks 129

4.2.1 Network topologies 130

4.2.2 Communication Protocol and OSI Model 131

4.2.3 Network components 136

4.3 OPC Techniques 140

4.3.1 Introduction 140

4.3.2 OPC Fundamentals 141

4.3.3 OPC Architecture 142

Summary 143

Problems 144

Chapter 5 Reliability Aspects 145

5.1 Performance Specifications of Reliability 145

5.2 System Reliability Analyze 148

5.2.1 System Reliability Model 148

5.2.2 System Reliability Test 149

5.3 Reliability consideration in Distributed Systems 150

5.3.1 Quality management 150

5.3.2 Fault containment technology 150

5.3.3 Redundancy 150

Summary 154

Problems 154

Chapter 6 Fieldbus Devices and Systems 155

6.1 Characteristics and Structures of Fieldbus Control System (FCS) 155

6.1.1 Definition 155

6.1.2 FCS Features and Architectures 155

6.1.3 Structures of FCS 157

6.1.4 Fieldbus Category 159

6.2 Some typical fieldbuses 159

6.2.1 AS-Interface 159

6.2.2 CAN bus 160

6.2.3 LonWorks 161

6.2.4 Interbus 161

6.2.5 Profibus 162

6.2.6 ControlNet 162

6.2.7 CC-Link 163

6.2.8 Foundation Fieldbus (FF) 164

6.2.9 HART 165

6.3 International Standard for Fieldbus 166

6.4 Communication Mechanism in Fieldbus 167

6.4.1 OSI Model and Fieldbus 167

6.4.2 Foundation fieldbus Technology 167

6.4.3 Profibus Technology 180

6.4.4 Standardization of Fieldbus Technology 189

6.5 Fieldbus Device 190

6.5.1 Fieldbus Instrumentations 190

6.5.2 Profibus-DP Devices 200

Summary 203

Problems 203

Chapter 7 Engineering Aspects 204

7.1 Engineering Design for Process Control 204

7.1.1 Design Procedure 204

7.1.2 Piping and Instrument Drawing (P＆ID) 204

7.1.3 Instrument Loop Diagrams 207

7.1.4 SAMA Diagrams 208

7.2 Configuration 211

7.2.1 Some Important Blocks in Foundation Fieldbus Control System 212

7.2.2 Control strategy configuration 216

Summary 221

Problems 221

References 222