Preface Acknowledgments Introduction PART ONE: Interpreting Literature 1 Strategies for Interpreting Literature Why Do People Read Literature? What Is Interpretation? How Do We Interpret? Checklist for Interpreting Literature Work Cited 2 What Is Literature? Literature Is Language Literature Is Fictional WaltWhitman, Cavalry Crossing a Ford Literature Is True Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, My Friend, the Things that Do Attain Literature Is Aesthetic Literature Is Intertextual Checklist for the Elements of Literature Works Cited 3 Interpreting Fiction The Elements of Fiction Theme Point of View Mary Robison, Yours Plot Characterization Setting Irony Symbolism Other Elements Checklist for Interpreting Fiction Works Cited 4 Interpreting Drama The Nature of Drama The Elements of Drama Plot Characterization Setting Theme Irony Subgenres Checklist for Interpreting Drama Works Cited and Consulted 5 Interpreting Poetry What Is Poetry? Emily Bront~, The Night Is Darkening Round Me Sense in Poetry: Elements that Convey Meaning Getting Started: Reading a Poem the First Time Diction William Wordsworth, A Slumber Did My Spirit Sea] Syntax Louise Bogan, Song for a Lyre Characterization, Point of View, Plot, and Setting Jane Kenyon, In the Nursing Home Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach Robert Browning, My Last Duchess Imagery: Descriptive Language Imagery: Figurative Language Samuel Daniel, Love Is a Sickness Thomas Campion, There Is a Garden in Her Face Symbolism William Blake, The Sick Rose The Sound of Poetry: Musical Elements Rhythm William Shakespeare, Sonnet 129 Word Sounds Edgar Allan Poe, To Helen Structure William Shakespeare, Sonnet 116 Edna St. Vincent Millay, I, Being Born aWoman Anonymous, The Daemon Lover Emily Dickinson, Because I Could Not Stop for Dead Matsuo Basho, haiku Taniguchi Buson, haiku Kobayashi Issa, haiku Psalm 23 Ezra Pound, Xenia Amy Lowell, Road to theYoshiwara Langston Hughes, Vagabonds Elizabeth Bishop, One Art Sight: The Visual Qualifies of Poetry George Herbert, EasterWings e. e. cummings, l(a Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool Checklist for Interpreting Poetry Works Cited 6 Specialized Approaches to Interpreting Literature Literary Criticism and Theory Places for Interpretation The Work New Criticism Structuralism Deconstruction Archetypal Criticism The Author Historical and Biographical Criticism New Historicist Criticism The Reader Reader-Response Criticism All of Reality Marxist Criticism Psychological Criticism Feminist and Gender Criticism Works Cited PART TWO: Writing about Literature 7 Writing about Literature WhyWrite about Literature? How CanYou Write about Literature? The Writing Process 8 Choosing Topics Preliminary Steps Be an Active Reader Identify Your Audience Raise Questions about the Work Narrow Your Topic Search Strategies Focus on the Work's Conventions (Its Formal Qualities) UseTopoi (Traditional Patterns of Thinking) Respond to Comments by Critics Draw fromYour Own Knowledge Talking andWriting Strategies Talk Out Loud Make Outlines Freewrite Brainstorm Make Notes Keep a Journal Sample Essay about Literature Michelle Henderson, "Paradise Rejected in Homer's Odyssey" Comments on the Essay Checklist for ChoosingTopics Works Cited 9 Drafting the Essay The Argumentative Nature of Interpretive Essays The Structure of Essays about Literature The Argumentative Structure The Rhetorical Structure Guidelines forWriting First Drafts Keep in Mind the Needs of Your Audience Avoid Extreme Subjectivity (Overuse of"I") Draw Up a Rough Outline Begin Writing Use Sound Deductive Reasoning Support Key Claims with Facts Use Sound Inductive Reasoning Define Key Terms Organize Evidence According to a Coherent Plan Make Comparisons Complete and Easy to Follow Checklist for Drafting the Essay Works Cited 10 Revising and Editing Revise Throughout the Writing Process Revise for the Final Draft Write a Clear and Readable Prose Style Have Other People Read and Respond toYour Draft Edit the Final Draft Rules of Usage Citations of Sources Quotations Other Rules of Usage Related to Essays about Literature Physical Format Sample Essay inTwo Drafts Robert Frost, The Death of the Hired Man Early Draft Comments on the Early Draft Final Draft Jennifer Hargrove, "A Comparison of Mary andWarrenin Robert Frost's 'The Death of the Hired Man'" Comments on the Final Draft Checklist for Revising and Editing Works Cited 11 Documentation and Research Primary Sources Secondary Sources Research Papers and the Use of Secondary Sources How to Find Information and Opinions about Literature I. Library Catalogs and Stacks II. Library Reference Room III. Library Periodicals Room and Stacks IV. Information and Opinion on the Internet Evaluating the Quality of Internet Sites Giving Credit to Sources Why ShouldYou Give Credit? When ShouldYou Give Credit? Where ShouldYou Give Credit? Correct Documentary Form Guidelines for Parenthetical Citations Guidelines for Using Footnotes and Endnotes Guidelines and Form for the Works Cited List:General Rules Sample Entries for Books Sample Entry for Articles in Scholarly Journals Sample Entries for Articles in Popular Publications Sample Entries for Computer Databases Sample Entries for Other Nonprint Sources Frequently Used Abbreviations Sample Research Paper Harold Wright, "The Monster's Education in MaryShelley's Frankenstein" Comments on the Research Paper Checklist for Documentation and Research 12 Taking EssayTests Guidelines for Taking EssayTests Sample Test Essays Essay 1 Comments on Essay 1 Essay 2 Comments on Essay 2 Essay 3 Comments on Essay 3 Checklist for Taking Essay Tests 13 Sample Essays Essay on a Poem Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory George Cannon, "Point of View in Edwin Arlington Robinson's 'Richard Cory'" Essay on a Short Story Edgar Allan Poe, The Cask of AmontiUado Blake Long, "Montresor's Fate in Edgar Allan Poe's'The Cask of Amontillado'" Essay on a Play Susan Glaspell, Trifles Carolyn Briner, "The Meaning of Physical Objects in Susan Glaspell's Trifles" Essay on a Novel Shalita Forrest, "First Love, Lost Love in GeorgeEliot's Adam Bede" Glossary Credits Index of Concepts and Terms Index of Critics, Authors, and Works
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