大自然如何運(yùn)作

目　錄
第一章　復(fù)雜性與臨界性...............................................................................1
簡(jiǎn)單的物理定律與復(fù)雜的大自然 ..........................................................3
講故事與科學(xué) ..........................................................................................8
復(fù)雜性理論能解釋什么？ ....................................................................10
災(zāi)變遵循一種簡(jiǎn)單的模式 ....................................................................14
分形幾何 ................................................................................................21
f /1噪聲：時(shí)間中的分形 .......................................................................24
齊普夫定律 ............................................................................................27
冪律與臨界現(xiàn)象 ....................................................................................29
處于平衡態(tài)的系統(tǒng)不是復(fù)雜的 ............................................................30
混沌不具有復(fù)雜性 ................................................................................33
自組織臨界性 ........................................................................................35
第二章　自組織臨界性的發(fā)現(xiàn).....................................................................37
在布魯克海文 ........................................................................................37
f/1噪聲從何而來？ ...............................................................................41
蘇珊·科珀史密斯的狗模型 .................................................................42
耦合扭擺 ................................................................................................45
簡(jiǎn)單模型的哲學(xué)：“球形奶牛” .............................................................46
擺系統(tǒng)變成臨界的 ................................................................................51
第三章　沙堆模型.........................................................................................56
沙堆模型 ................................................................................................59
假如生活在沙堆世界 ............................................................................67
我們能用筆和紙計(jì)算出冪律嗎？ ........................................................72
第四章　實(shí)際沙堆與地貌的形成.................................................................75
真實(shí)的沙堆實(shí)驗(yàn) ....................................................................................76
挪威的米堆實(shí)驗(yàn) ....................................................................................80
維則克的山體滑坡實(shí)驗(yàn)：分形現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn) ............................................86
喜馬拉雅“沙堆” ..................................................................................88
巖渣的沉積 ............................................................................................89
地貌學(xué)：偏離平衡的地表 ....................................................................92
第五章　地震、星震及太陽(yáng)耀斑.................................................................97
地震的自組織 ......................................................................................101
一處印刷錯(cuò)誤導(dǎo)致了重要進(jìn)展 ..........................................................107
斯特龍博利附近的隆隆聲 .................................................................. 111
地殼是臨界的 ...................................................................................... 113
脈沖星頻率突增與星震 ...................................................................... 114
黑洞與太陽(yáng)耀斑 .................................................................................. 116
第六章　“生命的游戲”：復(fù)雜性就是臨界性 ..........................................120
第七章　生命是自組織臨界現(xiàn)象嗎？.......................................................129
圣菲研究所 ..........................................................................................130
沙堆與間斷平衡 ..................................................................................134
相互制約調(diào)節(jié)的適應(yīng)性圖像 ..............................................................135
第八章　簡(jiǎn)單演化模型中的大滅絕與間斷平衡.......................................147
我們能對(duì)達(dá)爾文建模嗎？ ..................................................................150
周日下午的一個(gè)科學(xué)課題 ..................................................................153
低溫產(chǎn)生復(fù)雜生命 ..............................................................................164
與真實(shí)數(shù)據(jù)比較 ..................................................................................165
恐龍滅絕和隕石 ..................................................................................172
丹蒂· 查爾沃的演化游戲 ...................................................................174
自組織臨界性與蓋亞假說 ..................................................................175
重新來一次演化 ..................................................................................177
第九章　間斷平衡模型理論.......................................................................182
什么才算理論？ ..................................................................................182
演化模型的隨機(jī)近鄰形式 ..................................................................184
自組織過程 ..........................................................................................188
臨界態(tài) ..................................................................................................191
重訪生命游戲 ......................................................................................192
重訪地震 ..............................................................................................193
第十章　大腦與自組織臨界性...................................................................197
為什么大腦應(yīng)當(dāng)是臨界的？ ..............................................................198
猴子問題 ..............................................................................................200
大腦與河網(wǎng) ..........................................................................................203
第十一章　經(jīng)濟(jì)和交通阻塞.......................................................................206
均衡經(jīng)濟(jì)像水 ......................................................................................206
實(shí)際經(jīng)濟(jì)像沙 ......................................................................................209
臨界經(jīng)濟(jì)的一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單模型 .................................................................. 211
波動(dòng)和災(zāi)難不可避免 ..........................................................................215
交通阻塞 ..............................................................................................216
參考文獻(xiàn).......................................................................................................223
人名英漢對(duì)照表...........................................................................................230
附錄　湯超致譯者信...................................................................................238
譯后記...........................................................................................................240